Emotions are not simple cause-and-effect reactions to events, but responses filtered through the stories your mind tells. Your thoughts act as a middleperson between what happens and how you feel, which means distorted thinking can create distorted emotions that don’t actually match reality.

Emotions involve your nervous system, body sensations, thoughts, and sometimes outward behavior; they are adaptive signals, not “good” or “bad.” The intensity, duration, and context of an emotion matter: how long it lasts, how strong it is, and how meaningful the situation is all shape whether your reaction fits the moment.

Cognitive psychologists like Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis showed that emotions are driven by interpretations of events, not the events themselves, which means your feelings often reflect your thoughts about reality more than reality itself. When those interpretations are biased or extreme, your emotions become “amplified,” turning manageable concern into overwhelming dread and often driving unhelpful behaviors at work and in relationships.

The seven emotional amplifiers

1. All‑or‑nothing thinking: Only total success “counts,” so anything less feels like failure.
2. Overgeneralization: One bad outcome becomes “this always happens to me.”
3. Magnification/catastrophizing: Low‑probability worst‑case scenarios feel like near‑certainties.
4. Jumping to conclusions: Neutral events (a missed call, a short email) get a negative meaning without evidence.
5. Mind reading: Assuming you know what others think about you—usually something critical—without checking.
6. “Should” statements: Rigid rules about how you, others, or the world must behave that fuel anger, resentment, and shame.
7. Personalization: Taking responsibility for outcomes shaped by many factors, leading to excessive guilt.

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